/*
malloc(size_t n)
Returns a pointer to a newly allocated chunk of at least n bytes, or null
if no space is available. Additionally, on failure, errno is
set to ENOMEM on ANSI C systems.
If n is zero, malloc returns a minumum-sized chunk. (The minimum
size is 16 bytes on most 32bit systems, and 24 or 32 bytes on 64bit
systems.) On most systems, size_t is an unsigned type, so calls
with negative arguments are interpreted as requests for huge amounts
of space, which will often fail. The maximum supported value of n
differs across systems, but is in all cases less than the maximum
representable value of a size_t.
*/
可以看出,malloc 函数返回对应大小字节的内存块的指针。此外,该函数还对一些异常情况进行了处理
当 n=0 时,返回当前系统允许的堆的最小内存块。
当 n 为负数时,由于在大多数系统上,size_t 是无符号数(这一点非常重要),所以程序就会申请很大的内存空间,但通常来说都会失败,因为系统没有那么多的内存可以分配。
/*
free(void* p)
Releases the chunk of memory pointed to by p, that had been previously
allocated using malloc or a related routine such as realloc.
It has no effect if p is null. It can have arbitrary (i.e., bad!)
effects if p has already been freed.
Unless disabled (using mallopt), freeing very large spaces will
when possible, automatically trigger operations that give
back unused memory to the system, thus reducing program footprint.
*/
可以看出,free 函数会释放由 p 所指向的内存块。这个内存块有可能是通过 malloc 函数得到的,也有可能是通过相关的函数 realloc 得到的。
sploitfun@sploitfun-VirtualBox:~/ptmalloc.ppt/mthread$ ./mthread
Welcome to per thread arena example::6501
Before malloc in main thread
After malloc and before free in main thread
After free in main thread
...
sploitfun@sploitfun-VirtualBox:~/lsploits/hof/ptmalloc.ppt/mthread$ cat /proc/6501/maps
08048000-08049000 r-xp 00000000 08:01 539625 /home/sploitfun/ptmalloc.ppt/mthread/mthread
08049000-0804a000 r--p 00000000 08:01 539625 /home/sploitfun/ptmalloc.ppt/mthread/mthread
0804a000-0804b000 rw-p 00001000 08:01 539625 /home/sploitfun/ptmalloc.ppt/mthread/mthread
0804b000-0806c000 rw-p 00000000 00:00 0 [heap]
b7e05000-b7e07000 rw-p 00000000 00:00 0
...
sploitfun@sploitfun-VirtualBox:~/ptmalloc.ppt/mthread$
在第一个线程malloc之前,我们可以看到并没有出现与线程1相关的堆,但是出现了与线程1相关的栈。
sploitfun@sploitfun-VirtualBox:~/ptmalloc.ppt/mthread$ ./mthread
Welcome to per thread arena example::6501
Before malloc in main thread
After malloc and before free in main thread
After free in main thread
Before malloc in thread 1
...
sploitfun@sploitfun-VirtualBox:~/ptmalloc.ppt/mthread$ cat /proc/6501/maps
08048000-08049000 r-xp 00000000 08:01 539625 /home/sploitfun/ptmalloc.ppt/mthread/mthread
08049000-0804a000 r--p 00000000 08:01 539625 /home/sploitfun/ptmalloc.ppt/mthread/mthread
0804a000-0804b000 rw-p 00001000 08:01 539625 /home/sploitfun/ptmalloc.ppt/mthread/mthread
0804b000-0806c000 rw-p 00000000 00:00 0 [heap]
b7604000-b7605000 ---p 00000000 00:00 0
b7605000-b7e07000 rw-p 00000000 00:00 0 [stack:6594]
...
sploitfun@sploitfun-VirtualBox:~/ptmalloc.ppt/mthread$
sploitfun@sploitfun-VirtualBox:~/ptmalloc.ppt/mthread$ ./mthread
Welcome to per thread arena example::6501
Before malloc in main thread
After malloc and before free in main thread
After free in main thread
Before malloc in thread 1
After malloc and before free in thread 1
...
sploitfun@sploitfun-VirtualBox:~/ptmalloc.ppt/mthread$ cat /proc/6501/maps
08048000-08049000 r-xp 00000000 08:01 539625 /home/sploitfun/ptmalloc.ppt/mthread/mthread
08049000-0804a000 r--p 00000000 08:01 539625 /home/sploitfun/ptmalloc.ppt/mthread/mthread
0804a000-0804b000 rw-p 00001000 08:01 539625 /home/sploitfun/ptmalloc.ppt/mthread/mthread
0804b000-0806c000 rw-p 00000000 00:00 0 [heap]
b7500000-b7521000 rw-p 00000000 00:00 0
b7521000-b7600000 ---p 00000000 00:00 0
b7604000-b7605000 ---p 00000000 00:00 0
b7605000-b7e07000 rw-p 00000000 00:00 0 [stack:6594]
...
sploitfun@sploitfun-VirtualBox:~/ptmalloc.ppt/mthread$
在第一个线程释放内存后, 我们可以从下面的输出看到,这样释放内存同样不会把内存重新给系统。
sploitfun@sploitfun-VirtualBox:~/ptmalloc.ppt/mthread$ ./mthread
Welcome to per thread arena example::6501
Before malloc in main thread
After malloc and before free in main thread
After free in main thread
Before malloc in thread 1
After malloc and before free in thread 1
After free in thread 1
...
sploitfun@sploitfun-VirtualBox:~/ptmalloc.ppt/mthread$ cat /proc/6501/maps
08048000-08049000 r-xp 00000000 08:01 539625 /home/sploitfun/ptmalloc.ppt/mthread/mthread
08049000-0804a000 r--p 00000000 08:01 539625 /home/sploitfun/ptmalloc.ppt/mthread/mthread
0804a000-0804b000 rw-p 00001000 08:01 539625 /home/sploitfun/ptmalloc.ppt/mthread/mthread
0804b000-0806c000 rw-p 00000000 00:00 0 [heap]
b7500000-b7521000 rw-p 00000000 00:00 0
b7521000-b7600000 ---p 00000000 00:00 0
b7604000-b7605000 ---p 00000000 00:00 0
b7605000-b7e07000 rw-p 00000000 00:00 0 [stack:6594]
...
sploitfun@sploitfun-VirtualBox:~/ptmalloc.ppt/mthread$